Both sides receive the identical seeded stream of vehicles: same arrival second, same leg, same turn, same driver. Any difference in the numbers below is caused by the control type, not by luck. Car-following uses the Intelligent Driver Model; gap acceptance uses HCM 6th Edition headways.
| Metric | Roundabout | Signal | Difference |
|---|
Runs both intersections headless across a range of volumes, using the same seeded demand at each level, then plots average control delay. The crossover point, if there is one, is where the signal's capacity advantage finally outweighs the lost time it burns on every cycle.